Flat-faced dog breeds are known for their adorably scrunched features and affectionate personalities. But beneath that squishy charm, there are unique medical challenges that every pet parent should understand. Otherwise known as "brachycephalic," these breeds have shortened skulls and compressed upper airways that can make breathing harder, especially in hot or stressful conditions. 

“We want to make sure that pet parents are aware of the risks so they can help keep their pets safe," says Dr. Clay Hellner, Chief Veterinary Officer of Pet Paradise + NewDay Veterinary Care. "Brachycephalic breeds can be more prone to serious breathing issues, particularly when excited, during physical exertion, or in warm weather.” 

What is Brachycephaly in Dogs? 

The term "brachycephalic" literally translates to “short head.” It refers to a skull shape that is broad and short, resulting in a flattened facial structure. While brachycephaly is a trait selectively bred for appearance, the unique anatomy can compromise airflow, heat regulation, and more. The most common brachycephalic breeds include:

• Pugs
• French Bulldogs
• English Bulldogs
• Boston Terriers
• Boxers 

Because of their facial structure, even mild physical activity can be a challenge for these breeds, especially in warm weather. Their airways are often narrower, their soft palates longer, and their nasal passages more constricted than those of longer-snouted dogs. 

Anatomical Breathing Challenges 

The anatomy of brachycephalic dogs can create a perfect storm for breathing difficulties. One common issue is an elongated soft palate, which separates the nasal passages from the mouth. In flat-faced breeds, it can extend too far back and partially or even completely block the airway. 

Their nostrils (also called “nares”) are often narrowed or pinched (“stenotic”). This makes it harder for them to take in air through their nose. Their nasal passages are also typically more compact and crowded, which makes breathing even more difficult. 

Their trachea, or windpipe, may also be narrower than normal, which limits how much air can pass to the lungs. On top of that, their tongues are larger and may take up more space in the mouth because of their shortened jaw, which can sometimes cause the tongue to get in the way of their breathing. 

These structural features make it harder for brachycephalic dogs to breathe comfortably, especially when they are active or overheated. This also makes cooling down through panting much less effective. 

If you’re ever unsure whether your pet is showing signs of respiratory issues, check with your veterinarian or schedule a visit with NewDay Veterinary Care. We can help to clarify what’s normal and what may need further attention. 

Recognizing Symptoms of Brachycephalic Syndrome 

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) is the term used to describe the combination of upper airway abnormalities that can affect flat-faced breeds. While symptoms can range from mild to severe, they often get worse with heat, excitement, or exercise. Watch for these signs:

• Noisy breathing (snorting, wheezing)
• Labored or open-mouth breathing
• Exercise intolerance
• Gagging or vomiting after exertion 

In extreme cases, even a short walk on a warm day can lead to a medical emergency. If your dog’s gums or tongue appear blue, or if they collapse during or after exercise, it’s a critical emergency. These are signs that your dog is not getting enough oxygen and needs immediate veterinary attention. 

For a deeper dive into brachycephalic airway issues and how to recognize early signs, check out this detailed article from Veterinary Partner. 

Stay Calm and Cool: Managing Overexcitement and Heat 

When brachycephalic dogs get overexcited or stressed, their breathing can quickly become labored. Their shortened airways already make it tough to get enough oxygen. When their heart rate rises and panting increases, the limited airflow can cause swelling and inflammation. This sets off a dangerous feedback loop that makes breathing even harder as the swelling worsens. 

You probably already know that panting is how dogs cool themselves, since they don’t sweat like humans. But for brachycephalic breeds, panting is less effective because their narrow airways restrict airflow. The more they pant to cool off, the more their airways can swell and become inflamed, quickly increasing the risk of heat stroke 

Dr. Hellner warns, “Heat stroke can develop fast in flat-faced breeds. It does not have to be blazing hot outside. Even a short car ride or a few minutes of exercise can trigger a crisis. It’s important to keep your pet cool and watch for signs of labored breathing.” 

Stressful situations, heat exposure, or sudden bursts of activity all put extra strain on a brachycephalic dog’s already compromised respiratory system. Their unique anatomy means they need extra time and space to catch their breath and recover when things get too warm, exciting, or stressful. Keeping your brachycephalic dog calm and cool is one of the best ways to protect their breathing and keep them safe. 

How Pet Parents Can Help 

Here are a few steps you can take to help lower your brachycephalic pet’s risk of respiratory problems:

1. Avoid Heat and Overexertion. Walk your dog during the coolest parts of the day (early morning or late evening). Avoid strenuous activity, especially in hot or humid conditions. If you must be outdoors, provide shade and plenty of fresh water. Never leave your pet in a parked car.
2. Talk to Your Veterinarian. Routine wellness visits are essential for catching early signs of breathing issues. Our NewDay veterinarians can monitor your dog’s airway health and recommend any additional preventative steps before problems become serious. They can also help you understand which behaviors are normal and which are cause for concern.
3. Keep Vaccinations Current. Respiratory illnesses like Bordetella (kennel cough) and canine influenza (dog flu) can be more serious in brachycephalic breeds due to their compromised airways. Make sure your dog stays up to date on vaccines, especially if they socialize with other pets.
4. Consider Surgical Options. Some brachycephalic dogs benefit from procedures like a staphylectomy (elongated soft palate resection) or stenotic nares surgery. Both can help to open the airway and make breathing easier. If your pet struggles with chronic symptoms, a NewDay veterinarian can evaluate whether surgery could improve their comfort and quality of life.
5. Know the Emergency Signs. Excessive panting, disorientation, blue gums, and/or collapse are all red flags. If you suspect heat stroke, move your pet to a cool area and contact an emergency veterinarian immediately. You can also explore the AVMA’s heat safety tips to learn more.
6. Use a Life Jacket Around Water. Flat-faced dogs can tire quickly when swimming due to their restricted airways, making it harder for them to breathe and stay afloat. A properly fitted life jacket for dogs provides extra support and peace of mind. 

Brachycephalic dogs can live happy, healthy lives with the right care and attention. Their unique anatomy makes them more vulnerable in situations that other dogs might handle more easily, like warm weather, excitement, or play. That’s why it’s so important for pet parents to understand the risks and know how to spot early warning signs before things escalate.  

At Pet Paradise, we take safety seriously. Our facilities are designed with temperature-controlled suites, shaded play areas, and constant supervision from our expert staff. Learn more about Pet Paradise’s dedication to safety in our safety guidelines.